Sources
These are the categories of source this site works from. Individual pages cite the specific verse, hadith number or reference they rely on, at the point where they rely on it.
Qur’an
The Arabic text, cited by surah and verse number — for example Qur’an 2:185. English renderings are identified as translations. A translation is an interpretation of meaning, not the text, and this site does not treat one rendering as definitive.
Hadith collections
Cited by collection and hadith number, so any reader can look up the original:
- Sahih al-Bukhari
- Sahih Muslim
- Sunan Abu Dawud
- Jami’ at-Tirmidhi
- Sunan an-Nasa’i
- Sunan Ibn Majah
- Muwatta Malik
- Musnad Ahmad
Hadith numbering differs between printed editions and online indexes. Where the numbering commonly used online differs from a printed edition, this site follows the numbering most readers will be able to check.
Scholarly and jurisprudential material
Where a page describes the positions of the schools of law, it draws on the recognised positions of the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i and Hanbali schools, and presents them as positions rather than as a single ruling. This site does not follow or promote one school.
Calendar and astronomy
- The Umm al-Qura calendar, used for the projected Hijri dates shown across the site.
- Standard solar-position algorithms of the kind used throughout astronomical practice, for sunrise, solar noon, sunset and twilight angles.
- Published prayer-time conventions, including those of the Muslim World League, the Islamic Society of North America, the Egyptian General Authority of Survey, Umm al-Qura University, the University of Islamic Sciences Karachi, and regional authorities in Iran, Turkey, Singapore, Malaysia and elsewhere.
Geography and time
- The IANA time zone database, for zone rules and daylight-saving transitions.
- Open geographic datasets, for city names, coordinates and country assignments.
Health
Health pages reflect mainstream public-health and clinical guidance on hydration, nutrition, sleep, medication timing and fasting with chronic conditions. They are written as general education. They are not a substitute for advice from a doctor who knows your history.
A note on what is not a source
Other Ramadan websites are not treated as sources. Aggregated quotation collections, social media images and unattributed “hadith of the day” posts are not used as references. If a narration cannot be traced to a collection, it does not appear here as a hadith.